Put a shader on a text and draw pixel fonts sharp (#169)

A text could not wear a shader, and a pixel font was always smoothed.
Pixi's Text takes no custom shader. It also shares one texture between
texts of the same content and style, and the filter is not part of that
key, so two equal texts with different filters would overwrite each
other.

- TextPicture rasters a text into a texture of its own and draws it
  like a sprite. Shader, time animation and edge mode work without a
  special path. A new text, font or size rasters again and keeps the
  shader.
- The old texture is dropped only after the shader holds the new one.
  Before, Pixi warned about a destroyed texture that was still bound.
- A text has a Shader row with the shader's property rows below, as a
  sprite has. Overrides, saving, animation and the Properties node
  (type Text) know them. A shader parameter named like an own row of
  the text loses to that row, as on the particle source.
- The font asset has a Filter row, Linear or Nearest. The row existed
  three times already (texture, vector art, pixel art) and is now one
  helper filterRow.
- Nearest rasters the text 8 times finer and cuts every 8x8 block to
  one texel: at least half covered is full, else empty. Chrome on
  Windows smooths canvas text sideways through DirectWrite whatever
  filter we set later. The cut removes those half pixels on every
  system, and the texture stays one texel per world unit.

Found on the way:

- On a font that is no pixel font thin strokes break apart under
  Nearest. For a pixel font at its own size this does not matter.

Not done:

- The preview in the Shader tab does not take a selected text as its
  picture, it shows the test picture then.

Tests:

- ./check.sh: 189 files, 2759 tests, CHECK EXIT 0.
- text-shader.test.ts with 10 tests: rows and name precedence, a
  clamped override, save and load, animation, the font filter, and
  sharpCoverage on a smoothed edge and at the texture border.
- e2e 30 has 7 new checks: red glyphs through the shader picked with
  the mouse, the shader survives a new text, red in the game, soft
  edges under Linear, clean 4x4 blocks under Nearest, and half covered
  texels (Linear 238, Nearest 0).
- Full local run before the Nearest cut: all passed, 1543 checks.
  GM_STEPS=1,30 on the final bundle: all passed, 32 checks. The sum
  1544 in the README is counted from these two runs, not measured.
- Counter-checks fail as expected: in the browser no shader on a text
  fails 30h-30j, an always linear sampler fails the Nearest check, the
  old 1:1 raster leaves 107 half covered texels and fails 30k-ii.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>

src/core/model/animation.ts

@@ -379,7 +379,7 @@ export function animatableDefsOf(
   const declared =
     asset.type === 'behavior'
       ? asset.variables
-      : asset.type === 'sprite'
+      : asset.type === 'sprite' || asset.type === 'text'
         ? shaderParamRows(project, shaderOf(bag))
         : [];
   const taken = new Set(own.map((d) => d.key));

src/core/model/font.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import { findAsset, type Project } from './Project';
+import { textOf } from './Properties';
 
 /** Mirrors `FontStore::isValidName` on the server, where the name is derived from the bytes. */
 const FILE_PATTERN = /^[a-f0-9]{64}\.(ttf|otf|woff|woff2)$/;
@@ -16,6 +17,15 @@ export function fontFamilyOf(file: string): string {
   return `gm-font-${file.slice(0, 16)}`;
 }
 
+/**
+ * Whether the face a `font` property points at is drawn smoothed, the font asset's Filter row the
+ * way it is a texture's. The editor's own typeface, and a dangling id, are smooth.
+ */
+export function fontSmoothOf(project: Project, id: string): boolean {
+  const asset = id === '' ? undefined : findAsset(project, id);
+  return asset?.type !== 'font' || textOf(asset.props.filter ?? 'linear') !== 'nearest';
+}
+
 /** The file a `font` property points at, empty when the id is unset or no longer resolves. */
 export function fontFileOf(project: Project, id: string): string {
   if (id === '') return '';

src/core/properties/PropertySchema.ts

@@ -324,6 +324,20 @@ export function isValidVariableName(name: string): boolean {
   return isValidFieldName(name) && !isCommonProp(name);
 }
 
+/** How a picture is magnified: smoothed, or sharp for pixels. Pictures and typefaces share it (#169). */
+function filterRow(smoothByDefault: boolean): PropertyDef {
+  return {
+    key: 'filter',
+    label: 'Filter',
+    kind: 'enum',
+    default: smoothByDefault ? 'linear' : 'nearest',
+    options: [
+      { value: 'linear', label: 'Linear' },
+      { value: 'nearest', label: 'Nearest' },
+    ],
+  };
+}
+
 /** Position is deliberately absent: it belongs to scene objects, not to asset types. */
 const ASSET_SCHEMAS: Record<AssetType, PropertySchema> = {
   scene: [
@@ -349,16 +363,7 @@ const ASSET_SCHEMAS: Record<AssetType, PropertySchema> = {
   ],
   // The picture itself is intrinsic data on the asset (see TextureAsset), not a property.
   texture: [
-    {
-      key: 'filter',
-      label: 'Filter',
-      kind: 'enum',
-      default: 'linear',
-      options: [
-        { value: 'linear', label: 'Linear' },
-        { value: 'nearest', label: 'Nearest' },
-      ],
-    },
+    filterRow(true),
     // How big the borders of every sliced frame are drawn: 2 makes a 16 px border 32 units wide (#96).
     { key: SLICE_SCALE_KEY, label: 'Nine-slice scale', kind: 'number', default: 1, min: 0.01, step: 0.1 },
   ],
@@ -386,31 +391,13 @@ const ASSET_SCHEMAS: Record<AssetType, PropertySchema> = {
       step: 1,
       decimals: 0,
     },
-    {
-      key: 'filter',
-      label: 'Filter',
-      kind: 'enum',
-      default: 'linear',
-      options: [
-        { value: 'linear', label: 'Linear' },
-        { value: 'nearest', label: 'Nearest' },
-      ],
-    },
+    filterRow(true),
   ],
   // Layers, frames and the canvas size are intrinsic data on the asset (see PixelArtAsset). A palette
   // is shared, so the asset names one; the filter is the texture's row, sharp by default for pixels.
   pixelart: [
     { key: PALETTE_KEY, label: 'Palette', kind: 'asset', default: '', assetTypes: ['palette'] },
-    {
-      key: 'filter',
-      label: 'Filter',
-      kind: 'enum',
-      default: 'nearest',
-      options: [
-        { value: 'linear', label: 'Linear' },
-        { value: 'nearest', label: 'Nearest' },
-      ],
-    },
+    filterRow(false),
   ],
   // The colours are intrinsic data on the asset (see PaletteAsset).
   palette: [],
@@ -527,8 +514,9 @@ const ASSET_SCHEMAS: Record<AssetType, PropertySchema> = {
   statemachine: [],
   // The nodes are the asset's graph (see ShaderAsset); its parameters are rows of the sprites wearing it.
   shader: [],
-  // The typeface itself is intrinsic data on the asset (see FontAsset), not a property.
-  font: [],
+  // The typeface itself is intrinsic data on the asset (see FontAsset), not a property. Nearest draws
+  // a pixel font a pixel per unit, magnified sharp.
+  font: [filterRow(true)],
   // The file is intrinsic data (see SoundAsset); these two say how it is played by default, and a
   // `Play sound` node scales the one and can add to the other.
   sound: [
@@ -655,6 +643,8 @@ const ASSET_SCHEMAS: Record<AssetType, PropertySchema> = {
         { value: 'right', label: 'Right' },
       ],
     },
+    // Worn by the rectangle of the rendered text, as by a sprite's picture (#169).
+    { key: SHADER_KEY, label: 'Shader', kind: 'asset', default: '', assetTypes: ['shader'] },
   ],
 };
 
@@ -711,6 +701,11 @@ function schemaForBag(project: Project, asset: Asset, bag: PropertyBag): Propert
     const own = [...FULL_SCHEMAS.particles, ...particleParamDefs(asset.graph)];
     return [...own, ...rowsNotClaimedBy(shaderParamRows(project, shaderOf(bag)), own)];
   }
+  if (asset.type === 'text')
+    return [
+      ...FULL_SCHEMAS.text,
+      ...rowsNotClaimedBy(shaderParamRows(project, shaderOf(bag)), FULL_SCHEMAS.text),
+    ];
   return FULL_SCHEMAS[asset.type];
 }
 
@@ -718,7 +713,7 @@ function schemaForBag(project: Project, asset: Asset, bag: PropertyBag): Propert
  * A source draws its rows from two graphs, so one name can arrive twice: `speed` on the particle
  * graph and `speed` on the shader it wears. The source's own row wins and the uniform keeps its
  * declared default – the shader cannot be blamed for the collision, the same one is legitimate on a
- * sprite, so nothing is rejected on its side.
+ * sprite, so nothing is rejected on its side. A text's own rows (`fontSize`, `align` …) win the same way.
  */
 export function rowsNotClaimedBy(rows: readonly PropertyDef[], taken: readonly PropertyDef[]): PropertyDef[] {
   const claimed = new Set(taken.map((d) => d.key));

src/core/store/serialize.ts

@@ -112,11 +112,11 @@ export function deserializeProject(raw: unknown, fallbackId = ''): Project {
   const shaderGraphs = new Map<string, Graph>();
   const shaderRows = new Map<string, PropertyDef[]>();
   const particleGraphs = new Map<string, Graph>();
-  const wearers = new Map<string, 'sprite' | 'particles'>();
+  const wearers = new Map<string, 'sprite' | 'particles' | 'text'>();
   for (const a of rawAssets) {
     if (typeof a.id !== 'string' || !a.id || !isAssetType(a.type)) continue;
     rawProps.set(a.id, asRecord(a.props));
-    if (a.type === 'sprite' || a.type === 'particles') wearers.set(a.id, a.type);
+    if (a.type === 'sprite' || a.type === 'particles' || a.type === 'text') wearers.set(a.id, a.type);
     if (a.type === 'behavior' || a.type === 'variables' || a.type === 'struct') {
       const vars = normalizeVariables(a.variables);
       variables.set(a.id, vars);
@@ -139,8 +139,8 @@ export function deserializeProject(raw: unknown, fallbackId = ''): Project {
     }
   }
   /**
-   * A sprite's or source's rows end with the parameters of the shader its bag names – an override's,
-   * else the asset's. A source already carries its own graph's rows, so a name it has stays its own.
+   * A sprite's, source's or text's rows end with the parameters of the shader its bag names – an
+   * override's, else the asset's. Only a sprite's rows yield to none: a name the others have stays theirs.
    */
   const schemaOf = (assetId: string, bag: Record<string, unknown>): PropertySchema | undefined => {
     const schema = schemas.get(assetId);
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ export function deserializeProject(raw: unknown, fallbackId = ''): Project {
     const own = bag[SHADER_KEY];
     const shader = typeof own === 'string' ? own : rawProps.get(assetId)?.[SHADER_KEY];
     const rows = shaderRows.get(typeof shader === 'string' ? shader : '') ?? [];
-    return [...schema, ...(wearer === 'particles' ? rowsNotClaimedBy(rows, schema) : rows)];
+    return [...schema, ...(wearer === 'sprite' ? rows : rowsNotClaimedBy(rows, schema))];
   };
 
   // Pass 2: build assets. Frame ids share the reference space with asset ids, so `normalizeTexture`

src/editor/inspector/portSection.ts

@@ -95,10 +95,10 @@ export function buildPropertyPortSection(
   }
   if (target !== 'behavior') {
     const owner = `a ${targetLabel(target)}`;
-    // A sprite's rows go on with the parameters of the shader it wears – any shader, the node cannot
-    // know which, so each entry says whose it is. Keyed by the def itself: a shader parameter and a
-    // sprite property may share a name, and only the shader's entry earns the note.
-    const shaderRows = target === 'sprite' ? allShaderParamRows(host.state.project) : [];
+    // A sprite's or text's rows go on with the parameters of the shader it wears – any shader, the node
+    // cannot know which, so each entry says whose it is. Keyed by the def itself: a shader parameter and
+    // a property of the type may share a name, and only the shader's entry earns the note.
+    const shaderRows = target === 'sprite' || target === 'text' ? allShaderParamRows(host.state.project) : [];
     const from = new Map(shaderRows.map((row) => [row.def, row.shaders.join(', ')]));
     buildPickedPortSection(host, assetId, node, {
       noun: 'Property',

src/editor/viewport/WorldViewport.ts

@@ -1,19 +1,11 @@
-import {
-  Container,
-  type FederatedPointerEvent,
-  Graphics,
-  type Mesh,
-  Text,
-  Texture,
-  TextStyle,
-} from 'pixi.js';
+import { Container, type FederatedPointerEvent, Graphics, type Mesh, Texture } from 'pixi.js';
 import { isSymbolType } from '../../core/model/AssetTypes';
 import { type Extent, scaleOf } from '../../core/model/matrix';
-import { type Vec2, textOf } from '../../core/model/Properties';
-import { footprintExtent, footprintOf, placementOf, textAnchor } from '../../core/properties/bounds';
+import type { Vec2 } from '../../core/model/Properties';
+import { footprintExtent, footprintOf, placementOf } from '../../core/properties/bounds';
 import { rectsIntersect } from '../../core/properties/camera';
 import type { EditorState } from '../state';
-import { type Size, Theme, Widget } from '../../ui';
+import { type Size, Widget } from '../../ui';
 import { fontLibrary } from '../../viewport/FontLibrary';
 import { drawSlots } from '../../viewport/drawOrder';
 import type { DrawItem } from '../../viewport/items';
@@ -23,13 +15,8 @@ import { particleLibrary } from '../../viewport/ParticleLibrary';
 import { SHEET_EDGE } from '../../core/shader/nodes';
 import { shaderLibrary } from '../../viewport/ShaderLibrary';
 import { type ShaderSource, wornShader } from '../../viewport/shaders';
-import {
-  disposeSpriteMesh,
-  drawItem,
-  newSpriteMesh,
-  placeNode,
-  syncSpriteMesh,
-} from '../../viewport/symbols';
+import { disposeSpriteMesh, drawItem, newSpriteMesh, syncSpriteMesh } from '../../viewport/symbols';
+import { TextPicture } from '../../viewport/textPicture';
 import { cellCentre, type LayerFocus, TilemapField } from '../../viewport/tilemap';
 import { textureLibrary } from '../../viewport/TextureLibrary';
 import { gameClock } from '../../core/time';
@@ -51,7 +38,7 @@ export abstract class WorldViewport extends Widget {
   protected readonly contentMask = new Graphics();
   protected readonly nodes = new Map<string, Graphics>();
   /** Text content of text items: a sibling of the item's node, kept next to it in z. */
-  private readonly texts = new Map<string, Text>();
+  private readonly texts = new Map<string, TextPicture>();
   /** Pictures of sprite items: siblings as well, each right under its node. */
   private readonly sprites = new Map<string, Mesh>();
   /** The drawn particles of each source, one container – and one draw call – per source. */
@@ -322,7 +309,7 @@ export abstract class WorldViewport extends Widget {
       if (item.enabled && !hidden) culled.push({ node, extent: item.type === 'particles' ? null : extent });
       node.eventMode = this.itemsInteractive && node.visible ? 'static' : 'none';
       this.syncDecorations(item, onScreen, view.scale, extent);
-      this.syncText(item, onScreen, view.scale);
+      this.syncText(item, onScreen, view.scale, shaders);
       this.syncSprite(item, onScreen, size, shaders);
       this.syncParticles(item, onScreen, shaders);
       this.syncTilemap(item, onScreen);
@@ -378,7 +365,7 @@ export abstract class WorldViewport extends Widget {
       const node = this.nodes.get(id);
       if (node) this.objects.addChild(node);
       const text = this.texts.get(id);
-      if (text) this.objects.addChild(text);
+      if (text) this.objects.addChild(text.mesh);
       const field = this.fields.get(id);
       if (field) this.objects.addChild(field.container);
     }
@@ -491,41 +478,24 @@ export abstract class WorldViewport extends Widget {
    * The typeface a text is drawn in and how wide that makes it. Both are what a font asset is
    * for, and both arrive asynchronously, so a test cannot read them off the model.
    */
-  textInfo(id: string): { family: string; width: number } | null {
+  textInfo(id: string): ReturnType<TextPicture['info']> | null {
     const text = this.texts.get(id);
-    if (!text?.visible) return null;
-    return { family: String(text.style.fontFamily), width: Math.round(text.width) };
+    return text?.mesh.visible ? text.info() : null;
   }
 
-  /** Resolution follows the zoom in coarse steps: re-rendering the glyphs per wheel notch is wasteful. */
-  private syncText(item: DrawItem, onScreen: boolean, scale: number): void {
+  private syncText(item: DrawItem, onScreen: boolean, scale: number, shaders: ShaderSource): void {
     let text = this.texts.get(item.id);
     if (item.type !== 'text' || !onScreen) {
-      if (text) text.visible = false;
+      if (text) text.mesh.visible = false;
       return;
     }
     if (!text) {
-      text = new Text({
-        text: '',
-        style: new TextStyle({ fontFamily: Theme.font, fontSize: 32, fill: 0xffffff }),
-      });
-      text.eventMode = 'none';
+      text = new TextPicture();
       this.texts.set(item.id, text);
-      this.objects.addChild(text);
+      this.objects.addChild(text.mesh);
     }
-    text.visible = true;
-    placeNode(text, item.m);
-    text.text = textOf(item.props.text ?? '');
-    const size = Math.max(1, Number(item.props.fontSize ?? 32));
-    if (text.style.fontSize !== size) text.style.fontSize = size;
-    // An uploaded face that has not arrived yet reads as `''`; until it does, the editor's own
-    // typeface stands in, and the library's change event brings the redraw that swaps it.
-    const family = fontLibrary.family(item.font) || Theme.font;
-    if (text.style.fontFamily !== family) text.style.fontFamily = family;
-    const color = Number(item.props.color ?? 0xffffff);
-    if (text.style.fill !== color) text.style.fill = color;
-    text.anchor.set(textAnchor(item.props), 0.5);
-    const resolution = Math.min(4, Math.max(1, (Math.round(scale * 2) / 2) * 2));
-    if (text.resolution !== resolution) text.resolution = resolution;
+    text.mesh.visible = true;
+    if (wornShader(item.props, shaders)?.time) this.animated = true;
+    text.sync(item, scale, shaders);
   }
 }

src/viewport/TextureLibrary.ts

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ const EDGE_MODE = 'mirror-repeat';
  * sampler state lives on the source – WebGL takes no style from the shader – so that is a cut of
  * its own with that address mode.
  */
-const ADDRESS_MODE: Record<EdgeMode, 'repeat' | 'mirror-repeat' | 'clamp-to-edge'> = {
+export const ADDRESS_MODE: Record<EdgeMode, 'repeat' | 'mirror-repeat' | 'clamp-to-edge'> = {
   mirror: EDGE_MODE,
   repeat: 'repeat',
   clamp: 'clamp-to-edge',

src/viewport/items.ts

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ import {
   solidRects,
 } from '../core/model/tilemapCollision';
 import { findAsset, findAssetOf, type ObjectHolder, type Project } from '../core/model/Project';
-import { fontFileOf } from '../core/model/font';
+import { fontFileOf, fontSmoothOf } from '../core/model/font';
 import { resolveTexture, type TextureRef } from '../core/model/texture';
 import type { FrameOutline } from '../core/model/frameOutline';
 import { liveTilemap, type TileEdits } from '../core/model/liveTilemap';
@@ -59,6 +59,8 @@ export interface DrawItem {
   texture: TextureRef | null;
   /** The typeface file a text wears, resolved here for the same reason; `''` is the default one. */
   font: string;
+  /** False when that face's Filter is Nearest: rasterised a pixel per unit and magnified sharp. */
+  fontSmooth: boolean;
   /** The asset a particle source emits from, for the same reason again: it carries the graph. */
   particles: ParticlesAsset | null;
   /** What a placed tilemap draws: its layers already cut into tiles, with their pictures resolved. */
@@ -212,6 +214,7 @@ export function collectHolderItems(
       enabled: true,
       texture: wearsPicture(asset.type) ? resolveTexture(project, props) : null,
       font: asset.type === 'text' ? fontFileOf(project, fontOf(props)) : '',
+      fontSmooth: fontSmoothOf(project, fontOf(props)),
       particles: asset.type === 'particles' ? asset : null,
       tilemap:
         asset.type === 'tilemap'
@@ -275,6 +278,7 @@ export function collectWorldItems(world: World): DrawList {
       // Resolved per frame on purpose: a `Properties` node or an animation may swap `texture`.
       texture: wearsPicture(e.type) ? resolveTexture(world.project, e.props) : null,
       font: e.type === 'text' ? fontFileOf(world.project, fontOf(e.props)) : '',
+      fontSmooth: fontSmoothOf(world.project, fontOf(e.props)),
       particles: e.type === 'particles' ? (findAssetOf(world.project, e.assetId, 'particles') ?? null) : null,
       tilemap: e.type === 'tilemap' ? resolveTilemap(world.project, e.assetId, e.props, e.tileEdits) : null,
       emits: e.emits ?? 0,

src/viewport/shaders.ts

@@ -175,6 +175,11 @@ function wornBy(mesh: Mesh): GraphShader | null {
   return mesh.shader instanceof GraphShader ? mesh.shader : null;
 }
 
+/** The shader asset a mesh draws with, `''` for Pixi's own. */
+export function wornShaderId(mesh: Mesh): string {
+  return wornBy(mesh)?.assetId ?? '';
+}
+
 /**
  * Makes the mesh's shader match `props`: updated in place while asset and fragment are the same,
  * rebuilt when either changed, dropped for no shader – and for one that does not compile, which

src/viewport/textPicture.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,204 @@
+/**
+ * A text object drawn the way a sprite is (#169): its glyphs rasterised into a texture of its own and
+ * put on the sprite quad, so a shader replaces the fragment of that draw just as on a sprite, and the
+ * UV run over the rectangle of the rendered text. Pixi's own `Text` takes no shader, and it shares
+ * one texture between texts of the same content and style, whatever filter each of them wants.
+ */
+import { CanvasSource, CanvasTextGenerator, type Mesh, Texture, TextStyle } from 'pixi.js';
+import { textOf } from '../core/model/Properties';
+import { textAnchor } from '../core/properties/bounds';
+import { type EdgeMode, SHEET_EDGE } from '../core/shader/nodes';
+import { Theme } from '../ui';
+import { fontLibrary } from './FontLibrary';
+import type { DrawItem } from './items';
+import { type ShaderSource, syncShader, wornShader, wornShaderId } from './shaders';
+import { disposeSpriteMesh, newSpriteMesh, placeNode } from './symbols';
+import { ADDRESS_MODE } from './TextureLibrary';
+
+/**
+ * How many texture pixels a world unit of text gets. A smooth face follows the zoom in coarse steps –
+ * re-rendering the glyphs per wheel notch is wasteful. A sharp one is rasterised at one pixel per
+ * unit and then magnified without smoothing, which is what "Nearest" means on a texture as well.
+ */
+export function textResolution(scale: number, smooth: boolean): number {
+  if (!smooth) return 1;
+  return Math.min(4, Math.max(1, (Math.round(scale * 2) / 2) * 2));
+}
+
+/**
+ * How much finer than one pixel per unit a sharp face is rasterised before it is brought down again.
+ * Chrome on Windows smooths canvas glyphs sideways (DirectWrite) whatever the filter is afterwards;
+ * at this factor the smoothing is an eighth of a font pixel and drowns in the block around it.
+ */
+export const SHARP_SUPERSAMPLE = 8;
+
+/**
+ * Glyphs rasterised `factor` times too fine, brought down to one texel per `factor`×`factor` block:
+ * the block's mean coverage is cut hard at half, and a kept texel is the text colour at full alpha.
+ * So a sharp face has no half-covered texel on any platform, and its texture is as small as at 1:1.
+ */
+export function sharpCoverage(
+  src: Uint8ClampedArray,
+  width: number,
+  height: number,
+  factor: number,
+  color: number,
+): { data: Uint8ClampedArray<ArrayBuffer>; width: number; height: number } {
+  const w = Math.max(1, Math.ceil(width / factor));
+  const h = Math.max(1, Math.ceil(height / factor));
+  const data = new Uint8ClampedArray(new ArrayBuffer(w * h * 4));
+  const half = (255 * factor * factor) / 2;
+  const r = (color >> 16) & 0xff;
+  const g = (color >> 8) & 0xff;
+  const b = color & 0xff;
+  for (let y = 0; y < h; y++) {
+    for (let x = 0; x < w; x++) {
+      let sum = 0;
+      // Beyond the source's edge counts as empty, so a partial block at the border needs more ink.
+      for (let sy = y * factor; sy < Math.min(height, (y + 1) * factor); sy++) {
+        for (let sx = x * factor; sx < Math.min(width, (x + 1) * factor); sx++)
+          sum += src[(sy * width + sx) * 4 + 3]!;
+      }
+      if (sum < half) continue;
+      const at = (y * w + x) * 4;
+      data[at] = r;
+      data[at + 1] = g;
+      data[at + 2] = b;
+      data[at + 3] = 255;
+    }
+  }
+  return { data, width: w, height: h };
+}
+
+export class TextPicture {
+  readonly mesh: Mesh = newSpriteMesh();
+  private readonly style = new TextStyle({ fontFamily: Theme.font, fontSize: 32, fill: 0xffffff });
+  private texture: Texture | null = null;
+  private rasterKey = '';
+  /** The text's rectangle in world units, as rasterised. */
+  private w = 1;
+  private h = 1;
+
+  sync(item: DrawItem, scale: number, shaders: ShaderSource): void {
+    // An uploaded face that has not arrived yet reads as `''`; until it does, the editor's own
+    // typeface stands in, and the library's change event brings the redraw that swaps it.
+    const family = fontLibrary.family(item.font) || Theme.font;
+    const text = textOf(item.props.text ?? '');
+    const size = Math.max(1, Number(item.props.fontSize ?? 32));
+    const color = Number(item.props.color ?? 0xffffff);
+    const resolution = textResolution(scale, item.fontSmooth);
+    const key = JSON.stringify([text, family, size, color, resolution]);
+    const stale = key !== this.rasterKey;
+    const previous = stale ? this.texture : null;
+    if (stale) {
+      this.rasterKey = key;
+      if (item.fontSmooth) this.raster(text, family, size, color, resolution);
+      else this.rasterSharp(text, family, size, color);
+    }
+    const texture = this.texture!;
+    this.sample(texture, item.fontSmooth, wornShader(item.props, shaders)?.edge ?? SHEET_EDGE);
+    placeNode(this.mesh, item.m, this.w, this.h);
+    this.mesh.pivot.set(textAnchor(item.props), 0.5);
+    this.mesh.texture = texture;
+    syncShader(this.mesh, item.props, shaders);
+    // Only now: until the shader took the new picture, the old one was still bound to it.
+    previous?.destroy(true);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * What a check reads: the face, the width before the view's zoom, how the glyphs are sampled, and
+   * how many texels of the picture are neither empty nor fully covered.
+   */
+  info(): {
+    family: string;
+    width: number;
+    resolution: number;
+    smooth: boolean;
+    shader: string;
+    partial: number;
+  } {
+    const source = this.texture?.source;
+    return {
+      family: String(this.style.fontFamily),
+      width: Math.round(Math.abs(this.mesh.scale.x)),
+      resolution: source?.resolution ?? 0,
+      smooth: source?.style.scaleMode !== 'nearest',
+      shader: wornShaderId(this.mesh),
+      partial: this.partialTexels(),
+    };
+  }
+
+  private partialTexels(): number {
+    const canvas = this.texture?.source.resource as OffscreenCanvas | undefined;
+    const context = canvas?.getContext('2d');
+    if (!canvas || !context) return 0;
+    const { data } = context.getImageData(0, 0, canvas.width, canvas.height);
+    let partial = 0;
+    for (let i = 3; i < data.length; i += 4) if (data[i]! > 0 && data[i]! < 255) partial++;
+    return partial;
+  }
+
+  destroy(): void {
+    disposeSpriteMesh(this.mesh);
+    this.texture?.destroy(true);
+    this.texture = null;
+  }
+
+  private raster(text: string, family: string, size: number, color: number, resolution: number): void {
+    this.style.fontFamily = family;
+    this.style.fontSize = size;
+    this.style.fill = color;
+    const { canvasAndContext, frame } = CanvasTextGenerator.getCanvasAndContext({
+      text,
+      style: this.style,
+      resolution,
+    });
+    // The pooled canvas goes back at once and may be bigger than the text, so the text is copied onto
+    // a canvas of exactly its size: the quad's 0..1 UV are then the text's rectangle and nothing more.
+    const { width, height } = frame;
+    const canvas = new OffscreenCanvas(width, height);
+    canvas
+      .getContext('2d')
+      ?.drawImage(canvasAndContext.canvas as CanvasImageSource, 0, 0, width, height, 0, 0, width, height);
+    CanvasTextGenerator.returnCanvasAndContext(canvasAndContext);
+    this.texture = new Texture({
+      source: new CanvasSource({ resource: canvas, resolution, alphaMode: 'premultiply-alpha-on-upload' }),
+    });
+    this.w = width / resolution;
+    this.h = height / resolution;
+  }
+
+  /** A sharp face: rasterised `SHARP_SUPERSAMPLE` times finer and cut down to hard texels. */
+  private rasterSharp(text: string, family: string, size: number, color: number): void {
+    this.style.fontFamily = family;
+    this.style.fontSize = size;
+    this.style.fill = color;
+    const { canvasAndContext, frame } = CanvasTextGenerator.getCanvasAndContext({
+      text,
+      style: this.style,
+      resolution: SHARP_SUPERSAMPLE,
+    });
+    const fine = canvasAndContext.context.getImageData(0, 0, frame.width, frame.height).data;
+    CanvasTextGenerator.returnCanvasAndContext(canvasAndContext);
+    const sharp = sharpCoverage(fine, frame.width, frame.height, SHARP_SUPERSAMPLE, color);
+    const canvas = new OffscreenCanvas(sharp.width, sharp.height);
+    canvas.getContext('2d')?.putImageData(new ImageData(sharp.data, sharp.width, sharp.height), 0, 0);
+    this.texture = new Texture({
+      source: new CanvasSource({ resource: canvas, resolution: 1, alphaMode: 'premultiply-alpha-on-upload' }),
+    });
+    this.w = sharp.width;
+    this.h = sharp.height;
+  }
+
+  /** The texture is this text's alone, so filter and edge are set on it rather than on a variant. */
+  private sample(texture: Texture, smooth: boolean, edge: EdgeMode): void {
+    const style = texture.source.style;
+    const scaleMode = smooth ? 'linear' : 'nearest';
+    const addressMode = ADDRESS_MODE[edge];
+    if (style.scaleMode === scaleMode && style.addressMode === addressMode) return;
+    style.scaleMode = scaleMode;
+    style.addressMode = addressMode;
+    // The setters leave the style's cached sampler id stale – see `TextureLibrary.get`.
+    style.update();
+  }
+}